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Pronoun: Definition & Types with Examples

Lesson 2

Pronoun: Definition and Meaning 

Merriam-Webster defines pronoun as "A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun or noun phrase. Pronouns refer to either a noun that has already been mentioned or to a noun that does not need to be named specifically.".

British Council defines pronoun as "Pronouns are words that take place of nouns. We often use them to avoid repeating the nouns that they refer to.". 

From the above-mentioned definitions, we learn that:

1. A pronoun is a word. 

2. A pronoun is used in place of a noun. 

3. A pronoun refers to the noun in place of which it is used.

4. A pronoun is used for beautification of language (to avoid repeating the same noun)

Examples:

(a) John is a good guy. He helps everyone.

(b) Rocky is my friend. He lives in India. 

(c) Sofia is a good student. She is good at English.

Purpose of Use 

We use pronouns in place of nouns so that we don't need to repeat them again and again. And this ( avoiding the repeating the same noun) leads to the beautification of language. 

Types of Pronoun 

1. Pronouns based on person 

2. Pronouns based on functions

1. Pronouns based on person are classified into three main categories. 

(a) First person pronouns 

Examples:

1. I am your teacher. 

2. We are good friends. 

(b) Second person pronouns 

Examples:

1. You are a good guy. 

(c) Third person pronouns 

Examples:

1. He /She is a good student. 

2. It is fine.

3. They are going. 

2. Pronouns based on functions have various types. They are given below with examples.

1. Personal pronouns are used in place of proper names. 

Examples:

(a) I can do it. 

(b) You will go.

(c) He will eat.

(d) She is reading. 

(e) They were talking. 

(f) We are ready to go. 

2. Indefinite pronouns don't refer to specific persons and things.

Examples:

(a) Everybody is speaking.

(b) Everyone is busy.

(c) Everything is fine.

(d) Is there anyone/anybody in the room? 

(e) Do you have anything to say? 

(f) There's no one/nobody in the room. 

(g) Nothing is impossible.

(h) I would like to take somebody/someone with me. 

(i) Something is better than nothing. 

3. Demonstrative pronouns show people or things that can be near or at a distant place. 

Examples:

(a) This is my pen. (Singular, Near)

(b) That is my pen. (Singular, Distant) 

(c) These are my pens. (Plural, Near) 

(d) Those are my pens. (Plural, Distant) 

4. Interrogative pronouns are the pronouns using which we ask questions.

Examples:

(a)  Who is this? 

(b) What is this? 

(c) Which is your pen?

(d) Whose is this pen? 

5. Possessive pronouns are the pronouns that show possession or ownership. 

Examples:

(a) This pen is mine.

(b) That book is yours. 

(c) This phone is his.

(d) That ring is hers. 

(e) This school is ours.

(f) That house is theirs. 

6. Relative pronouns are the pronouns that are used to introduce relative clauses. (A relative clause with the help of relative pronoun ( Know more about relative pronoun )gives information about someone or something.) 

Examples:

(a) Nadim, who is 10, is my friend. 

(b) He is the person that I met yesterday. 

(c) This is the book which helped me to clear the entrance test. 

7. Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject of the verb (Know more about verb ) in a sentence. 

Examples:

(a) I'm teaching myself English. 

(b) She cut herself with the knife in her hand. 

(c) Enjoy yourself. 

8. Reciprocal pronouns express mutual actions.

Examples:

(a) Nadeem and Faheem helped each other. 

(b) They are helping one another. 

9. Intensive pronouns emphasize nouns or another pronouns. 

Examples:

 (a) He did it himself. 

(b) I can do it myself. 

(c) You can improve your grammar yourself. 

Note:- Reflexive pronouns are used as objects of a verb and Intensive pronouns are for emphasis. 

Exercise 1

Identify the person of the pronouns in bold. 

(a) He is eating an apple. 

(b) You are my best friend. 

(c) It is raining now. 

(d) We will miss you.

(e) They help one another. 

Answer keys:- 

(a) Third person

(b) Second person

(c) Third person

(d) First person

(e)Third person

Exercise 2 

Identify the types of the pronouns in bold in the following sentences. 

(a) We are good friends.

(b) Everyone is happy. 

(c) That is my house. 

(d) What are you doing?

(e) This car is mine. 

(f) The person who came yesterday is my friend. 

(g) I've cut myself with a knife. 

(h) They help one another. 

(i) I did it myself. 

Answer keys:- 

(a) Personal

(b) Indefinite

(c) Demonstrative 

(d) Interrogative

(e) Possessive

(f) Relative 

(g) Reflexive

(h) Reciprocal 

(i) Intensive

FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)

What is a subject pronoun?

A subject pronoun is a type of pronoun that is used as the subject of a verb in a sentence as in They suggest going on a holiday.

What is an object pronoun?

An object pronoun is a type of pronoun that is used as the object of a verb in a sentence as in He told me about the event.

What is an intensive pronoun?

An intensive pronoun is a type of pronoun that is used to emphasize the action performed by a noun or pronoun as in John himself did it.

What is a reflexive pronoun?

A reflexive pronoun refers back to the subject of a verb in a sentence as in I am teaching myself French. 

What is a relative pronoun?

A relative pronoun introduces a relative clause (a clause that gives additional information about someone or something) as in The boy who is standing there is my friend.

What is a possessive pronoun?

A possessive pronoun shows possession or ownership as in This car is mine.

What is demonstrative pronoun?

A demonstrative pronoun is a type of pronoun that is used to show someone or something that is near or far as in This is car and That is my bike.

 

Verb: Definition & Types with Examples

 Lesson 3

Verb: Definition and Meaning

Cambridge Dictionary defines verb as "a word or phrase that describes an action, condition, or experience as in run, keep and feel."

YourDictionary defines verbs as "Verbs are words that show action in a sentence. Just like nouns and adjectives, they're one of the eight parts of speech."

According to the definitions above, a verb is something that is performed by the subject of a sentence or that describes the state of the subject. 

In the following sentences, Eating, Is and Feels are all verbs. 

Examples:- 

(a) He is eating an apple. 

(b) He is happy. 

(c) He feels better now. 

Types of Verbs 

Verbs are categorized into several kinds depending on different bases. The most common types of verbs are as follows:

• Transitive Verbs 

• Intransitive Verbs 

• Action Verbs 

• Stative Verbs 

• Linking Verbs 

• Helping or Auxiliary Verbs 

• Regular Verbs 

• Irregular Verbs 

• Modal Verbs (know more about model verbs )

• Phrasal Verbs (Know more about phrasal verbs)

• Infinitives  (Know more about infinitives )

• Finite Verbs

• Non-finite Verbs  

1.Transitive Verbs are verbs which require objects to make a complete sense. 

Look at the following sentences where ‘playing’, ‘reading’ and ‘cancelled’ are transitive verbs and ‘football’, ‘book’ and ‘party’ are their objects. 

Examples: 

(a) He is playing football.

(b) I'm reading a book. 

(c) They cancelled the party. 

2. Intransitive Verbs are verbs which require no objects to produce a complete sense in the sentence. The verbs in the given below sentences have no objects. 

Examples:

(a) Our school will open in August 15. 

(b) Most of the shops in our area close at 9 o'clock. 

(c) The sun sets in the west. 

3. Action or dynamic verbs describe actions the subject of a sentence performs. 

The following verbs, waved, paints and read are action verbs. 

Examples:

(a) He waved his right hand. 

(b) He paints the wall daily. 

(c) She will read the book tomorrow. 

4. Stative or state verbs describe the state of being or refer to the way things are. The verbs, believe, think and seem are stative or state verbs

Examples:

(a) I believe in God.

(b) I think he's right. 

(c) You seem happy today. 

5. Linking or copula verbs do the task of connecting an adjective (Know more about adjective) or a noun (Know more about noun ) with the subject of a sentence. (Know more about sentence )

In the below given expressions, ‘are’ and ‘is’ connected ‘happy’ with ‘you’ and ‘fighter’ with ‘He’. So both the verbs are linking verbs. 

Examples:

(a) You are happy today. 

(b) He is a fighter. 

6. Helping or auxiliary verbs are used before main verbs. These helping verbs help main verbs to extend their meanings. 

The verbs, ‘is’, ‘was’ and ‘have’ used below are helping verbs. 

Examples:

(a) He is reading a book. 

(b) I was thinking about you. 

(c) I have told you. 

Note:- helping and linking verbs can be the same in form. Look at the definitions carefully so as to differentiate between the two. 

7. Regular verbs follow the same pattern of conjugation. They have the same ending. 

Examples:

(a) Form→ formed, formed

(b) Move→ moved, moved 

(c) Turn→ turned, turned 

8. Irregular Verbs are the opposite of regular ones. 

Examples:

(a) Eat→ ate, eaten 

(b) Begin→ began, begun 

(c) Forget→ forgot, forgotten

9. Modal verbs (Know more about modal verbs) show modality. They indicate permission, ability, possibility, etc. 

In the first sentence, permission, in the second, ability and in the third, possibility have been shown here. 

Examples:

(a) Can I use your phone please? 

(b) I can do it.

(c) It can rain today. 

10. Phrasal verbs are the verbs with which we use an adverb, (Know more about adverb ) a preposition or both. (Know more about preposition)

In the first sentence, the verb is with an adverb, in the second, the verb with a preposition and in the third, the verb with both. 

Examples:

(a) My car broke down. 

(b) I'll see to the arrangements for the party. 

(c) We shouldn't look down on anyone. 

11. Infinitives are the verbs that are used usually with ‘To’ or without it. 

‘To leave’, ‘go’ and ‘to see’ are infinitives. 

Examples:

(a) I had to leave it quickly. 

(b) You must go. 

(c) They came to see him yesterday. 

12. Finite verbs indicate tense, (know more about tense ) person and number. (know more about number )

Tense, person and number respectively. 

Examples:

(a) They went 

(b) I have gone. 

(c) He goes.

13. Non-finite verbs are the opposite of finite. They don't indicate tense, person and number. 

‘To buy’, ‘swimming’ and ‘covered’ are non-finite verbs. 

Examples:

(a) He went to the market to buy a watch. 

(b) Swimming is my favorite sport. 

(c) I want to see a tree covered with ice.

Exercise 

Identify the types of the verbs in bold. 

(a) She plays football daily. 

(b) My pen writes well. 

(c) He is fighting. 

(d) I can guess who you are. 

(e) He is fine. 

(f) We have done it. 

(g) I turned the page. 

(h) She tore my shirt. 

(i) You can go now. 

(j) Get up early in the morning. 

(k) I have to leave now. 

(l) She runs 

(m) Swimming is the best exercise. 

Answer keys:- 

(a) Transitive Verb

(b) Intransitive Verb 

(c) Action Verb

(d) Stative Verb

(e) Linking Verb 

(f) Helping or Auxiliary Verb

(g) Regular Verb

(h) Irregular Verb 

(i) Modal Verb 

(j) Phrasal Verb 

(k) Infinitive 

(l) Finite Verb 

(m) Nonfinite Verb