Hamaare desh bhaarat ka itihaas itana vishaal hai ki ise chand pannon mein bayaan karana mushkil hee nahin naamumakin hai. suprasiddh sindhu ghaatee sabhyata kee utpatti se lekar desh mein modi sarakaar ke gathan tak aisee anaginat ghatanaen huee hain, itihaas ke saath hue anyaay kee to baat hee chhod deejie. lekin un sabhee ko yahaan soocheebaddh karana asambhav hai, isalie is blog post mein ham keval un mahatvapoorn ghatanaon ka ullekh karenge jo na keval aapake gyaan mein vrddhi karengee balki pareeksha kee taiyaaree karane vaale chhaatron ko bhee laabhaanvit karengee.


1.sindhu ghaatee sabhyata ka vikaas

Dinaank: 3300-1700 ee.poo

vivaran bhaarateey itihaas kee praamaanik jaanakaaree yaheen se praarambh hotee hai. is sabhyata ka vikaas sindhu tatha sarasvatee nadiyon ke tat par hua. mohanajodado, kaaleebanga, lothal, hadappa, raakheegadhee aur dholaaveera is sabhyata ke pramukh kendr the.

yah tatkaaleen raajadhaanee kapilavatthu ke nikat lumbinee naamak sthaan mein hua tha. unhen apane samay ke mahaan daarshanikon, vaigyaanikon aur samaaj sudhaarakon mein se ek maana jaata hai. aaj unake bauddh dharm ke anuyaayee pooree duniya mein hain.

2. bhaarat mein sikandar mahaan ka aagaman
saal: eesa poorv 327-26

vivaran: yoonaan ke shaasak sikandar ko bhaarat par pratham videshee aakramanakaaree maana jaata hai. yadyapi sikandar bhaarat par vijay praapt nahin kar saka, parantu usake bhaarat aagaman ke saath hee yoorop aur bhaarat ke beech sthal maarg nishchit roop se praarambh ho gaya.

3. maury vansh kee sthaapana
 saal: eesa poorv 269-232

vivaran: yah kaal bhaarat ke prataapee raaja ashok ke shaasan ka tha. maury shaasak ashok chakravartee raaja the aur unhonne apane prataap se bhaarat ko ek sootr mein baandha. unake shaasanakaal mein hee kaling yuddh (261 eesa poorv) hua, jisake baad ashok ne yuddh kee bhayaavahata se vichalit hokar ahinsa ka maarg apanaaya.

4. vikram sanvat kee shuruaat
saal: eesa poorv 57-30

vivaran: yah kaal bhaarateey itihaas kee anek mahatvapoorn ghatanaon ka saakshee raha hai. vikram sanvat praarambh hua. dakshin mein saatavaahan aur paandy vansh ka uday hua.

5. gupt vansh ka uday varsh 

320 ee
vivaran maury vansh ke patan ke baad bhaarat mein raajaneetik nirvaat aa gaya tha. gupt vansh ke shaasakon ne is shoony ko bhar diya aur bhaarat mein ek shaktishaalee raajavansh kee sthaapana kee. gupt vansh ke is kaal ko bhaarat ka svarn yug maana jaata hai.

6. Hindoo dharm ka punarjaagaran
varsh: 380-413 ee

vivaran is kaal mein bhaarat mein chandragupt vikramaadity ka shaasan tha. yah saahity ke upaasak kaalidaas ka bhee kaal tha.

7. Hindoo shaasan ka prabhaav

varsh: 606-645 ee

vivaran: yah kaal poore bhaarat par shaasan karane vaale hindoo shaasak harshavardhan ka shaasanakaal tha. usee samay cheenee yaatree hvenasaang ne bhaarat kee yaatra kee thee. harshavardhan antim hindoo shaasak the, jinhonne panjaab ko chhodakar poore bhaarat par shaasan kiya tha.

8. Hijaree kaal kee shuruaat
 varsh: 622 ee

vivaran: isakee shuruaat us samay se maanee jaatee hai jab hajarat mohammad makka se madeena chale gae the. yah ek chandr kailendar hai, jisaka upayog na keval muslim deshon mein kiya jaata hai, balki duniya bhar ke musalamaan apane tyohaaron kee ganana ke lie is kailendar ka upayog karate hain.

9. Arabon ka aakraman
varsh: 712 ee

vivaran: usee varsh pashchim mein sindh par muhammad bin kaasim ke netrtv mein arab aakramanakaariyon ne hamala kiya tha.

10. mahamood gajanavee ka aakraman
varsh: 1025 ee

vivaran: arab aakramanakaaree mahamood gajanavee ne bhaarat par bheeshan aakraman kar desh ke pashchimee bhaag ko loota tatha prasiddh somanaath mandir ko loot kar nasht kar diya.

11. Tarain ka pratham yuddh

varsh: 1191 ee

vivaran: bhaarateey shaasak prthveeraaj chauhaan aur arab aakramanakaaree muhammad goree ke beech tarain mein yuddh hua tha, jisamen muhammad goree kee haar huee thee.

12. Tarain ka dviteey yuddh
varsh : 1192 ee

vivaran: ek baar phir muhammad goree ne bhaaree taiyaaree ke saath bhaarat par aakraman kiya aur tarain ke maidaan mein prthveeraaj chauhaan ke saath yuddh kiya. is yuddh mein prthveeraaj chauhaan ko haar ka munh dekhana pada.

13. Gulaam vansh kee sthaapana
varsh: 1206 ee

vivaran: bhaarat mein gulaam vansh kee sthaapana kutubuddeen aibak ne kee thee. kutubuddeen aibak muhammad goree ka ek gulaam sainik tha, jise goree ne bhaarat mein apanee jeet ke baad yahaan ka samraat banaaya tha. is raajavansh ne 1290 ee. tak dillee par shaasan kiya.

14. yooropeey logo dvaara bhaarat kee khoj
varsh: 1497-98 ee

vivaran: san 1497 mein purtagaalee yaatree vaasko da gaama bhaarat kee khoj par nikale aur lagabhag ek varsh kee yaatra karane ke baad ve san 1498 mein keral mein kaaleekat ke tat par pahunche. bhaarat kee dharatee par yooropeey

15. Mugal saamraajy ka uday
varsh: 1526 ee

vivaran : isee varsh dillee mein mahaan mugal shaasak akabar satta mein aaya. unhen na keval bhaarat ke ek mahaan shaasak ke roop mein jaana jaata hai, balki unhen ek naya dharm deen-e-ilaahee chalaane ke lie bhee jaana jaata hai.

16. Eest indiya kampanee kee sthaapana
varsh: 1600 ee

vivaran: bhaarat ke saath vyaapaar badhaane ke lie 31 disambar 1600 ko briten mein eest indiya kampanee kee sthaapana kee gaee thee. briten kee mahaaraanee ne is kampanee ko bhaarat ke saath vyaapaar karane ke lie 21 saal kee riyaayat dee thee.

17. Yoonaited dach eest indiya kampanee kee sthaapana
varsh: 1602 ee

vivaran: yah yoorop se bhaarat aane vaalee pahalee dach treding kampanee thee. is kampanee ka mukhy uddeshy bhaarat ke masaala baajaar par kabja karana tha.

18. Bhaarat mein british sena ka aagaman
varsh: 1608-1612 ee

vivaran : san 1608 mein british sena kee pahalee tukadee soorat ke tat par pahunchee. yaheen se angrejon aur purtagaaliyon ke beech varchasv ke lie sangharsh shuroo hua. yah sangharsh kareeb chaar saal tak chala.

19. Bhaarat mein british shaasan kee shuruaat
varsh : 1668 ee

vivaran: british sena ne bambee par kabja kar liya aur briten ke raajakumaar chaarls dviteey ne bambee ka shaasan eest indiya kampanee ko saump diya.

20. kalakatta shahar kee sthaapana
varsh: 1690 ee

vivaran: british adhikaaree job chaarnok ne kalakatta shahar kee neenv rakhee.

21. Naadir shaah ka aakraman
varsh: 1739 ee

vivaran: eeraanee samraat naadir shaah ne bhaarat par aakraman kiya. karanaal mein dillee ke mugal baadashaah muhammad shaah aur naadir shaah ke beech yuddh hua aur muhammad shaah kee haar huee. naadir shaah ne dillee par adhikaar kar liya.

22. plaasee ka yuddh
varsh : 1757 ee

vivaran:robart klaib ke netrtv mein british sena ne bhaarat vijay abhiyaan shuroo kiya. apane pahale charan mein, british sena ke kaptaan robart klaibe ne bangaal par aakraman kiya, aur bangaal ke shaasak siraajuddaula kee sena ke saath murshidaabaad ke paas plaasee mein mukaabala hua. is yuddh mein siraaj-ud-daula kee haar huee aur bangaal par angrejon ka adhikaar ho gaya.

23. Paanipat ka teesara yuddh
varsh : 1761 ee

vivaran: 14 janavaree, 1761 ko paaneepat ke maidaan mein bhaarateey raaja mahaaraana prataap aur aphagaan shaasak ahamad shaah abdaalee ke beech yuddh hua. is bhayankar yuddh mein mahaaraana prataap kee paraajay huee. isase poorv jalapat kee do ladaiyon mein mahaaraana prataap kee sena ne aphagaan sena ko hara diya tha.

24. khaalasa panth kee sthaapana
varsh: 1801 ee

vivaran: sikh shaasak mahaaraaja ranajeet sinh ne laahaur mein khaalasa sampradaay kee sthaapana kee, aur kashmeeree panditon ke saath khaibar darre ke maadhyam se aphagaanistaan par hamala kiya.

25. Amrtasar kee sandhi
varsh : 1809 ee

vivaran: eest indiya kampanee ne panjaab ke amrtasar mein mahaaraaja ranajeet sinh ke saath ek sandhi par hastaakshar karake yahaan apanee vaanijyik gatividhiyon ko seencha.

26. Satee pratha par rok
varsh : 1829 ee

vivaran : british sarakaar ne saamaajik sudhaar ke kram mein kadam uthae hue hindoo vidhavaon ke jalatee huee chita arthaat satee mein aatmahatya karane kee pratha par rok laga dee.

27. Pratham svatantrata sangraam
varsh: 1857-58 ee

vivaran mangal paande ke netrtv mein british sena ke bhaarateey sainikon ne angrejee shaasan ke viruddh vidroh ka bigul bajaaya. yadyapi british sarakaar ne is vidroh ko sipaahee vidroh kaha, lekin itihaasakaaron ne ise pratham svatantrata sangraam ka naam diya. is vidroh ke dauraan vidrohiyon ne antim mugal shaasak bahaadur shaah japhar ko dillee kee gaddee par bithaaya. lekin jald hee angrejon ne vidroh par kaaboo pa liya aur dillee par phir se kabja kar liya.

28. Bhaarat sarakaar adhiniyam

varsh: 1858 ee

vivaran: agast 1858 mein, british sarakaar ne eest indiya kampanee se bhaarat ka shaasan apane haath mein le liya aur phir 1877 mein briten kee raanee ko bhaarat ka shaasak ghoshit kiya gaya.

29. Bhaarateey raashtreey kaangres kee sthaapana

varsh : 1885 ee

vivaran bhaarateey raashtreey kaangres kee sthaapana 28 disambar 1885 ko ek british adhikaaree eo haroom ke netrtv mein bhaarat mein british shaasan ko raajaneetik aadhaar dene ke uddeshy se kee gaee thee. baad ke varshon mein, ek raajaneetik dal ke roop mein, isane bhaarat ke svatantrata sangraam mein ek pramukh bhoomika nibhaee.

30. Bangaal ka vibhaajan

varsh : 1905 ee

vivaran: phoot daalo aur raaj karo kee neeti ke tahat british sarakaar ne hindoo aur muslim baahuly kshetron ke aadhaar par bangaal ko do bhaagon - poorvee bangaal aur pashchim bangaal mein baant diya.

31. mahaatma gaandhee ka uday aur bhaarateey svatantrata sangraam kee shuruaat
varsh : 1916 ee

vivaran svatantrata ke lie tadap rahe bhaarat mein ek nae naayak ka uday hua hai. aphreeka mein rahate hue angrejon ke atyaachaaron se vichalit hokar mohanadaas karamachand gaandhee bhaarat aae aur svatantrata sangraam kee baagador sambhaalee. satyaagrah aur ahinsa ko mukhy mantr banaakar antatah gaandhee bhaarat ko british shaasan se mukt karaane mein saphal hue.

32. Bhaarateey svatantrata aandolan aur bhaarat kee svatantrata

varsh: 1917 ee. – 1948 ee

varsh kee ghatanaen
1917 ee. champaaran aur kheda satyaagrah
1919 ee. jaliyaanvaala kaand, rolet ekt aur montaagu-chemsaphord sudhaar.
1920 ee. mein asahayog aandolan evan khilaaphat aandolan kee shuruaat.
1922 ee. chaureechaura kaand
1927 mein bhaarat mein saiman kameeshan ka aagaman
1929 mein bhagat sinh aur batukeshvar datt ne sentral asembalee mein bam phenka tha. kaangres poorn svaraaj kee maang karatee hai.
1930 ee. namak satyaagrah aur savinay avagya aandolan daandee se shuroo hua.
1931 ee. gaandhee-iravin samajhauta. bhagat sinh, raajaguru aur sukhadev ko phaansee de dee gaee. landan mein pratham golamej sammelan.
1932 ee. poona paikt, landan mein dviteey golamej sammelan.
maarch 1942 ee. mein krips mishan ka aagaman. bhaarat chhodo aandolan praarambh hua. subhaash chandr bos dvaara bhaarateey raashtreey sena ka gathan.
1947 mein, british sarakaar dvaara bhaarateey svatantrata adhiniyam vidheyak paarit kiya gaya tha. bhaarat ka vibhaajan. ek svatantr raashtr ke roop mein bhaarat ka uday.

33. mahaatma gaandhee kee hatya aur bhaarat mein riyaasaton ka vilay
varsh : 1948 ee

vivaran: 30 janavaree ko mahaatma gaandhee kee hatya. kashmeer par niyantran ko lekar bhaarat aur paakistaan ke beech seemit yuddh. grh mantree saradaar vallabh bhaee patel ke netrtv mein deshee riyaasaton ka bhaarat mein vilay.

34. vishv maanachitr par bhaarat ganaraajy ka uday
varsh: 1950 ee

vivaran: 26 janavaree ko, bhaarateey sanvidhaan laagoo hua aur bhaarat ek ganatantr raashtr ban gaya.

35. Cheen-bhaarateey yuddh
varsh : 1962 ee

vivaran : seema nirdhaaran ko lekar bhaarat aur cheen ke beech yuddh kee shuruaat. gova, daman aur deev ko purtagaalee shaasan se svatantrata milee.

36. Bhaarat-paakistaan yuddh

varsh : 1965 ee

vivaran: kashmeer ko lekar bhaarat aur paakistaan ke beech yuddh chhid gaya. roos ke hastakshep se, bhaarateey pradhaan mantree laal bahaadur shaastree ne taashakand mein paakistaan ke saath yuddhaviraam par ek samajhauta kiya.

37. indira gaandhee ka uday
varsh : 1966 ee

vivaran : taashakand mein pradhaan mantree laal bahaadur shaastree kee mrtyu ke baad, indira gaandhee bhaarat kee pradhaan mantree baneen aur bhaarat mein indira yug kee shuruaat huee.

38. Bhaarat-paakistaan yuddh

varsh : 1971 ee

vivaran : poorvee paakistaan mein paakistaanee shaasak dvaara atyaachaar aur vahaan asthirata dekhakar bhaarat ne hastakshep kiya aur paakistaan ke saath yuddh shuroo ho gaya. is yuddh mein paakistaan ko karaaree haar milee aur bhaarat ne poorvee paakistaan ko paakistaan se mukt karaaya aur ek nae raashtr baanglaadesh ka uday hua. paakistaan kee haar ke baad shimala mein bhaarat aur paakistaan ke beech samajhauta hua. is samajhaute par bhaarat kee or se pradhaanamantree indira gaandhee aur paakistaan kee or se pradhaanamantree julphikaar alee bhutto ne hastaakshar kie the.

39. paramaanu pareekshan
varsh : 1974 ee

vivaran vigyaan aur raksha ke kshetr mein itihaas rachate hue bhaarat ne raajasthaan ke pokharan mein ek saphal bhoomigat paramaanu pareekshan kiya.

40.'Aapaatakaal kee ghoshana
           varsh : 1975 ee

           vivaran : indira gaandhee sarakaar ne desh mein badhate bhrashtaachaar aur badhatee mahangaee ke kaaran phailee avyavastha ko rokane ke lie aapaatakaal lagaane kee ghoshana kee. aapaatakaal ke dauraan hajaaron raajaneetik virodhiyon ko jel mein daal diya gaya tha. is dauraan jabaran nasabandee ko lekar aam janata mein aakrosh kee lahar phail gaee thee.

41. indira gaandhee ko satta se baahar kar diya gaya aur kendr aur raajyon mein pahalee gair-kaangresee sarakaaren baneen.
varsh : 1977 ee

vivaran : aapaatakaal kee samaapti ke baad hue aam chunaavon mein kaangres ko karaaree haar ka saamana karana pada aur indira gaandhee satta se baahar ho gaeen. kendr mein moraarajee desaee ke netrtv mein janata paartee kee sarakaar banee. bhaarateey kamyunist paartee ne pashchim bangaal mein sarakaar banaee.

42. janata paartee mein vibhaajan
varsh : 1979 ee

vivaran kendr mein sattaadhaaree janata paartee mein aapasee kalah ke kaaran vibhaajan hua. moraarajee desaee ko pradhaanamantree pad chhodana pada. chaudharee charan sinh desh ke pradhaanamantree bane.

43. kaangres kee satta mein vaapasee
varsh : 1980 ee

vivaran : chaudharee charan sinh bhee adhik samay tak sarakaar nahin chala sake aur desh mein madhyaavadhi chunaav hone pade. is chunaav mein kaangres kee jeet huee aur indira gaandhee ek baar phir bhaarat kee pradhaanamantree baneen.

44. opareshan bloo staar, indira gaandhee kee hatya aur pradhaanamantree ke roop mein raajeev gaandhee kee niyukti
varsh : 1984 ee

vivaran : indira gaandhee ne aatankavaad se prabhaavit panjaab ke amrtasar ke svarn mandir mein chhipe jaranail sinh bhindaraavaale aur any aatankavaadiyon ko hataane ke lie opareshan bloo staar ke tahat sainy kaarravaee kee. isake turant baad, teen sikh angarakshakon, jo indira gaandhee ke angarakshakon ka hissa the, ne naee dillee mein unakee hatya kar dee. indira gaandhee kee hatya ke baad desh bhar mein sikh virodhee dange hue, jisamen hajaaron sikh maare gae. raajeev gaandhee desh ke nae pradhaanamantree bane.

45. shreelanka mein bhaarateey sainy abhiyaan
varsh : 1987 ee

vivaran: bhaarat aur shreelanka ke beech ek samajhaute ke tahat, bhaarat ne litte ke aatankavaad se peedit padosee desh shreelanka mein shaanti sthaapit karane ke lie apanee sena bhejee.

46. sebee ka gathan
varsh : 1988 ee

vivaran: sebee adhiniyam 1992 ko 12 aprail ko bhaarat kee sansad mein paarit kiya gaya tha aur bhaarateey sheyar baajaar ke kaarobaar kee nigaraanee ke uddeshy se bhaarateey pratibhooti aur vinimay bord (sebee) ka gathan kiya gaya tha. yah sanstha varsh 1992 mein astitv mein aaee.

47. aam chunaavon mein kaangres kee haar aur raashtreey morche kee sarakaar ka gathan
varsh : 1989 ee

vivaran : is varsh hue aam chunaav mein kaangres ko ek baar phir karaaree haar ka saamana karana pada. kendr mein kaee dalon ke gathabandhan se veepee sinh ke netrtv mein raashtreey morche kee sarakaar banee. is sarakaar ko bhaarateey janata paartee ka baahar se samarthan praapt tha.

48. raajeev gaandhee kee hatya, desh mein madhyaavadhi chunaav, peevee narasimha raav pradhaanamantree bane, aarthik sudhaaron ka daur shuroo hua.
varsh : 1991 ee

vivaran: tamilanaadu ke shreeperambudoor mein ek chunaavee railee ke dauraan litte ke ek aatankavaadee daste dvaara raajeev gaandhee kee hatya kar dee gaee thee. is samay chandrashekhar sarakaar ke alpamat mein aane ke kaaran desh mein madhyaavadhi chunaav ho rahe the. chunaav ke baad kaangres ke peevee narasimha raav desh ke pradhaanamantree bane. manamohan sinh ko vitt mantree banaaya gaya. unhonne desh mein aarthik sudhaar ke ek nae yug kee shuruaat kee.

49. baabaree masjid vidhvans
varsh : 1992 ee

vivaran: 6 disambar ko ayodhya mein gussaee bheed ne raam mandir-baabaree masjid parisar mein sthit masjid ke gumbad ko tod diya. is ghatana ke baad desh ke kaee hisson mein saampradaayik dange hue.

50. mobail phon seva ka shubhaarambh
varsh : 1995 ee

vivaran : desh mein mobail phon seva kee shuruaat huee aur pashchim bangaal ke tatkaaleen mukhyamantree jyoti basu ne kalakatta se phon kar is seva kee shuruaat kee.

51. Atal bihaaree vaajapeyee pradhaanamantree bane, paramaanu pareekshan kiya
varsh : 1998 ee

vivaran : aam chunaavon ke baad, bhaarateey janata paartee sabase badee paartee ke roop mein ubharee, aur atal bihaaree vaajapeyee ke netrtv mein kendr mein raashtreey janataantrik gathabandhan (nd) kee sarakaar banee. usee varsh, bhaarat ne apana doosara paramaanu pareekshan kiya. is pareekshan ke baad desh ko antararaashtreey samudaay ke aarthik pratibandhon ka bhee saamana karana pada tha.

52. Amerikee raashtrapati bil klintan ka bhaarat aagaman, teen nae raajyon ka gathan
varsh: 2000 ee

vivaran: is varsh amerikee raashtrapati bil klintan bhaarat ke daure par aae the. 15 navambar ko teen nae raajyon jhaarakhand, uttaraakhand aur chhatteesagadh ka gathan hua.

53. Antariksh ke kshetr mein kvaantam leep. bhaarateey sansad par aatankavaadee hamala

varsh: 2001 ee

vivaran: bhaarat ne apane antariksh kaaryakram mein badee saphalata haasil karate hue peeeselavee (dhruveey upagrah prakshepan yaan) roket ka saphal pareekshan kiya. is roket ke jarie bhaarat antariksh

54. Bhaarat kee pahalee mahila raashtrapati

varsh : 2007 ee

vivaran: shreematee tailent paatil desh kee pahalee mahila raashtrapati taareekh gaeen.

55. Mumbee mein aatankee hamala. chandrayaan-1 ka prakshepan

varsh : 2008 ee

vivaran: paakistaan se lage takkar ne mumbee ke taaj hotal, viktoriya tarminal relave steshan sahit paanch sthaanon par hamala kar kaee begunaah logon kee jaan le lee. surakshaabalon ke saath hone ke alaava hamalon mein shaamil ek hisse ko sabhee pahaluon mein shaamil ho gae. is hamale mein jaan-maal ka bhaaree nukasaan hua tha. isee varsh bhaarat ne antariksh mein lambe daavedaaron ne chandrayaan-1 ko chandrama kee kaksha mein joda banaaya.

56. Narendr modee pradhaanamantree chune gae. mangalayaan prakshepan

varsh : 2014 ee

vivaran :svatantrata ke baad desh mein poorn bahumat vaalee pahalee gair-kaangresee sarakaar ka gathan. bhaarateey janata paartee ke neta aur gujaraat ke poorv pradhaanamantree narendr bhaee modee desh ke pradhaanamantree bane. bhaarat ne mangal grah ka adhyayan karane ke lie apane avasaravaadee antariksh mishan ke anshon ke roop mein mangalayaan lonch kiya.


57. pathaanakot eyarabes par hamala. paakistaan kee seema mein bhaarat kee sarjikal straik. bhaarat emateeseeaar (misail teknolojee kantrol rijeem) ka sadasy bana. 1000 aur 500 ke noton ka vimudreekaran kiya gaya.

varsh : 2016 ee

vivaran: 2 janavaree ko paakistaan kee seema se bhaarat mein ghuse aatankavaadiyon ne panjaab ke pathaanakot sthit eyarabes par hamala kiya. is hamale mein kaee javaan shaheed ho gae the. bhaarat ne javaabee kaarravaee kee aur 29 sitambar kee raat paakistaanee seema kshetr mein kamaando bhejakar ek gupt sarjikal straik kee, jisase aatankavaadee shiviron ko bhaaree nukasaan pahuncha. isee saal 8 navambar kee raat ko sarakaar ne aitihaasik aur saahasik kadam uthaate hue 1000 aur 500 ke bade not chalan se baahar kar die. aam bolachaal kee bhaasha mein sarakaar ke is kadam ko notabandee kaha gaya. usee varsh, bhaarat misail praudyogikee ke prasaar ko rokane ke lie vishv star par banae gae sangathan mtchr ka sadasy ban gaya.